The following definitions are taken directly from Jason Thompson, WGU’s VP of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion’s book, Diversity and Inclusion Matters and the National Alliance for Partnership in Equity (https://napequity.org/glossary).
Reflecting the mixture of differences and similarities that we find in the world and acknowledging the related tension as we strive to develop more inclusive and high-performing environments.
The principle of creating full access and removing barriers to participation. Equity
is fair treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people, while at the same time striving to identify and eliminate barriers that prevent the full participation of some groups.
Implicit or Unconscious bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect one’s understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These are often unrecognized and may not align to one’s declared beliefs and values. Social psychology: refer to this as ‘implicit bias’ – researchers who spearheaded this were Greenwald and Banaji (1995)
Actively making people feel welcomed and valued. Inclusion is retention.
At WGU Labs, we use the term “intersectionality” when speaking about the experiences of people who have multiple, overlapping, and intersecting identities (e.g. a person who identifies as a woman, African American, and lesbian; or a person who identifies as non-binary, LatinX, and first-generation student).
Kimberle Crenshaw, a lawyer and professor at Columbia Law, coined the term “Intersectionality” to offer a frame for talking about “the fact that many of our social justice problems, like racism and sexism, are often overlapping, creating multiple levels of social injustice.” We must also recognize that there are differences in the types of social injustices people face – for example, sexism has different injustices than racism – however, this does not mean that one type of injustice is greater or lesser than the other; we must look at the ways they interact together. Using Dr. Crenshaw’s definition as our guide, we recognize that to gain a holistic understanding of a person’s experiences, we cannot simply look at the individual pieces of their identity as singular or mutually exclusive if we truly hope to understand their experiences.
Micromessages are small, subtle, unconscious messages that are sent and received when communicating with others. Micromessages can be either positive “micro–affirmations” or negative “micro–inequities” that communicate value to an individual. Micromessages are relayed through not only words but also nonverbal communication, contextual cues in the classroom and school, and written feedback.
The best practice when it comes to race, ethnicity, and nationality is to ask people how they self- identify rather than assigning them a specific identity. Many of the terms listed below are still not representative of the full human experience, and should be used with caution.
DO NOT use race or ethnicity as collective nouns, only as adjectives. Example: Do NOT use the blacks, the hispanics, the asians
Instead use: Black people, Asian faculty, Hispanic students, etc.
DO NOT hyphenate national origins.
Example: Do NOT use Japanese-American, Native-American, African-American Instead use : Japanese American, Native American, African American, etc.
NPR: Why You Probably Shouldn’t Say Eskimo
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/04/24/475129558/why-you-probably-shouldnt-say-eskimo
CBS News: Not all Black people are African American. Here’s the Difference.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/not-all-black-people-are-african-american-what-is-the-difference/
New York Times: Why We’re Capitalizing Black
American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/general-principles
Conscious Style Guide
https://consciousstyleguide.com/
The Diversity Style Guide
https://www.diversitystyleguide.com/
GLAAD Media Reference Guide
https://www.glaad.org/reference
Native American Journalist Association
https://najanewsroom.com/reporting-guides/
National Association of Black Journalists
https://www.nabj.org/page/styleguide
National Center on Disability and Journalism
APA Style: Bias-Free Language–Disability
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/disability
ADA: Guidelines for Writing about People with Disabilities
https://adata.org/factsheet/ADANN-writing
USA Today: ‘I am not ashamed’: Disability advocates, experts implore you to stop saying ‘special needs’
Gernsbacher, M. A., Raimond, A. R., Balinghasay, M. T., & Boston, J. S. (2016). “Special needs” is an ineffective euphemism. Cognitive research: principles and implications, 1(1), 1-13.
New York Times: What is DACA? And Where Does It Stand Now?
APA Style Guide: Gender
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/gender
Pew Research Center: Who is Hispanic?
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/23/who-is-hispanic/
Vox: LatinX is growing in popularity. I made a comic to help you understand why.
https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/10/15/20914347/latin-latina-latino-latinx-means
Utah.Gov: Building Equity and Inclusion through the Power of Language
https://multicultural.utah.gov/poweroflanguage/
Handshake: 70 Inclusive Language Principles that will Make You a More Successful Recruiter
University of South Carolina-Aiken
Oregon Health & Science University
https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2021-03/OHSU%20Inclusive%20Language%20 Guide_031521.pdf
Education Writers Association: Guide for Inclusive Coverage
https://www.ewa.org/reporter-guide/ewa-reporter-guide-inclusive-coverage
GLAAD: Media Reference Guide
https://www.glaad.org/reference/lgbtq
GLAAD Blog: What is Pansexuality? 4 pan celebs explain in their own words
https://www.glaad.org/blog/what-pansexuality-4-pan-celebs-explain-their-own-words
GLAAD: An Ally’s Guide to Terminology
https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/allys-guide-to-terminology_1.pdf
Asexuality.org
https://asexuality.org/?q=overview.html
The Gay Center
Chicago Tribune: As the abbreviation grows, what does LGBTQIA stand for?
https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct_lgbtqia_letters_defined-htmlstory.html
Sotto-Santiago Sylk. (2019). Time to Reconsider the Word Minority in Academic Medicine. Journal of Best Practices in Health Professions Diversity, 12(1), 72–78.
The Baltimore Sun: ‘Minoritized’ a Violent Word
https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-op-0328-minoritized-word-20190320-story. html
National Association of Hispanic Journalists: Drop the Use of Minority when Referencing Communities of Color
https://nahj.org/2020/08/04/nahj-asks-newsrooms-to-drop-the-use-of-minority/
National Public Radio (NPR): Today’s College Students Aren’t Who You Think They Are
National Public Radio (NPR): Census Bureau: No Middle Eastern or North African Checkbox
https://www.npr.org/2020/03/10/813922175/census-bureau-no-middle-eastern-or-north-african- check-box
Amnesty International: Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, Migrants
https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/refugees-asylum-seekers-and-migrants/
BBC News: Asylum Seekers, Migrants, or Refugees: Which Word is Correct?
https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-46747502
BBC News: The Battle Over the Words Used to Describe Migrants
https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34061097
Washington Post: Is it Time to Ditch the Word Migrant?
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/24/is-it-time-to-ditch-the-word- migrant/
APA Style Guide: Socioeconomic Status
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/bias-free-language/socioeconomic-status
Why We Don’t Use the Term Homeless or Homeless Person
https://my.neighbor.org/terms-the-homeless-or-homeless-people/
The Chronicle of Higher Education: Who Are You Calling Underprivileged?
https://www.chronicle.com/article/who-are-you-calling-underprivileged/
ATTN: 5 Once Common Phrases with Troubling Histories
https://archive.attn.com/stories/16834/common-words-nobody-actually-uses-anymore
Medium: How to Fix a Broken Tongue
https://natalie4health.medium.com/how-to-fix-a-broken-tongue-cade93816add
Be clear when using the term "accessible," which relies heavily on a variable context. When the context is intersectional (one or more types of accessibiity is relevant) or not easily apparent, be overtly clear by adding a qualifier to the term "accessible":
- socioeconomic accessibility, e.g. a learner has no computer and needs to use a computer at a public library
- physical accessibility, e.g. a learner cannot connect to the internet because they live in a rural area has not installed infrastructure to support it
-online accessibility e.g. a learner with visual disabilities needs to use a screenreader (assistive technology)
Associated Press (AP): Why we will lowercase white
https://blog.ap.org/announcements/why-we-will-lowercase-white
University of Minnesota: Time to Phase Out “Caucasian”
Washington Post: Why We Should Stop Labeling Students ‘At-Risk’--and the Best Alternative
Education Week: ‘At-Promise’? Can a New Term for ‘At-Risk’ Change a Student’s Trajectory?
Eric Digest: Alternatives for At-Risk and Out-of-School Youth
https://www.ericdigests.org/2005-1/risk.htm